{"id":1926,"date":"2016-01-26T12:07:33","date_gmt":"2016-01-26T20:07:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/?page_id=1926"},"modified":"2016-05-18T17:02:29","modified_gmt":"2016-05-19T00:02:29","slug":"mule-deer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/mule-deer\/","title":{"rendered":"Mule Deer"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-1926\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-1926-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-1926-0\" ><div id=\"pgc-1926-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1926-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1926-0-0-0\" ><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h2>Main Sections<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-1926-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1926-0-0-1\" ><ul id=\"menu-sections-menu-closed\" class=\"menu\"><li  class=\"menu-table-of-contents menu-item-2626 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/table-of-contents\/\"><span>TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-general-information sf-dropdown menu-item-2354 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/\"><span>GENERAL INFORMATION<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-purpose-and-scope menu-item-2623 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/purpose-and-scope\/\"><span>Purpose and Scope<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-development-plan menu-item-2621 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/development-plan\/\"><span>Development Plan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-area-description menu-item-2620 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/area-description\/\"><span>Area Description<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-resource-management-direction menu-item-2622 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/resource-management-direction\/\"><span>Resource Management Direction<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-regulatory-context menu-item-2624 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/regulatory-context\/\"><span>Regulatory Context<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-the-role-of-information menu-item-2625 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/role-of-information\/\"><span>The Role of Information<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-community-sections sf-dropdown menu-item-2351 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/\"><span>COMMUNITY SECTIONS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-access-trails-and-transportation menu-item-2605 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/access-and-transportation\/\"><span>Access, Trails and Transportation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-communities menu-item-2606 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/communities\/\"><span>Communities<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-visual-landscape-management menu-item-2609 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/visual-landscape-management\/\"><span>Visual Landscape Management<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-cultural-and-historical-resources menu-item-2607 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/cultural-and-historical-resources\/\"><span>Cultural and Historical Resources<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-first-nations menu-item-2608 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/first-nations\/\"><span>First Nations<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-economic-sections sf-dropdown menu-item-2352 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/\"><span>ECONOMIC SECTIONS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-agriculture-and-range menu-item-2610 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/agriculture-and-range\/\"><span>Agriculture and Range<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-crown-land-and-water menu-item-2611 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/crown-land-and-water\/\"><span>Crown Land and Water<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-energy-and-minerals menu-item-2612 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/energy-and-minerals\/\"><span>Energy and Minerals<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-timber-and-silviculture menu-item-2613 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/timber-and-silviculture\/\"><span>Timber and Silviculture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-tourism-and-recreation menu-item-2614 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/tourism-and-recreation\/\"><span>Tourism and Recreation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-environmental-sections sf-dropdown menu-item-2353 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/\"><span>ENVIRONMENTAL SECTIONS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-fish-and-riparian-habitat menu-item-2615 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/fish-and-riparian-habitat\/\"><span>Fish and Riparian Habitat<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-forest-and-grassland-ecosystems menu-item-2616 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/forest-biodiversity-and-grassland-ecosystems\/\"><span>Forest and Grassland Ecosystems<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-protected-areas menu-item-2618 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/protected-areas\/\"><span>Protected Areas<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-plants menu-item-2617 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/plants\/\"><span>Plants<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-wildlife menu-item-2619 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/\"><span>Wildlife<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-implementation menu-item-2356 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/implementation-monitoring-and-amendment\/\"><span>IMPLEMENTATION<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-glossary menu-item-2355 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/glossary\/\"><span>GLOSSARY<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-1926-0-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1926-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Mule Deer<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>The current population is estimated at 8,000. Snow depth can limit mule deer movement, making winter range areas with low snow levels and adequate forage important for mule deer survival. Winter range (see map) is considered a limiting habitat factor, but others include habitat degradation, predation, unregulated harvest and disease.<\/p>\n<p>General issues across the Sub Region will be addressed below, followed by management plans specific to individual populations.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-content\/uploads\/general-map.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1927\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2946 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-content\/uploads\/general-map.jpg\" width=\"900\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-content\/uploads\/general-map.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-content\/uploads\/general-map-768x749.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-content\/uploads\/general-map-60x60.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Issues:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduction in the quality and distribution of essential habitat including tree cover for snow interception and security, forage and unimpeded migration routes<\/li>\n<li>Increased mortality risk from unregulated hunting, poaching, stress, motor vehicles, uncontrolled access and development within winter range.<\/li>\n<li>Predator management \u2013 wolf\/cougar<\/li>\n<li>Harmonize hunting regulations in regions 3, 5 and 8 to prevent over hunting in region 3 during general open season<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Goals:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased distribution and abundance of mule deer with improved quality and quantity of habitat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-1926-0-1-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Mule Deer Prescriptive<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-prescriptive-mule-deer\" class=\"menu\"><li  class=\"menu-gun-creek-marshall-lake-enhancement menu-item-2724 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/mule-deer\/gun-creek-marshall-lake-enhancement\/\"><span>Gun Creek Marshall Lake Enhancement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-1926-0-2\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1926-0-2-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"4\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1926-0-2-0\" ><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Wildlife<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-wildlife\" class=\"menu\"><li  class=\"menu-ungulates sf-dropdown menu-item-2518 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/\"><span>UNGULATES<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-canadian-moose menu-item-2596 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/canadian-moose\/\"><span>Canadian Moose<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-shiras-moose menu-item-2603 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/shiras-moose\/\"><span>Shiras Moose<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-roosevelt-elk menu-item-2602 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/roosevelt-elk\/\"><span>Roosevelt Elk<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-rocky-mountain-elk menu-item-2601 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/rocky-mountain-elk\/\"><span>Rocky Mountain Elk<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-mountain-goat menu-item-2598 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/mountain-goat\/\"><span>Mountain Goat<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-california-big-horn-sheep menu-item-2595 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/california-big-horn-sheep\/\"><span>California Big Horn Sheep<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-rocky-mountain-big-horn-sheep menu-item-2600 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/rocky-mountain-big-horn-sheep\/\"><span>Rocky Mountain Big Horn Sheep<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-mule-deer menu-item-2599 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/mule-deer\/\"><span>Mule Deer<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-black-tailed-deer menu-item-2594 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/black-tailed-deer\/\"><span>Black-tailed Deer<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-white-tailed-deer menu-item-2604 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/white-tailed-deer\/\"><span>White-tailed Deer<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-mountain-caribou menu-item-2597 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/mountain-caribou\/\"><span>Mountain Caribou<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-fur-bearers sf-dropdown menu-item-2522 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/\"><span>FUR BEARERS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-lynx menu-item-2593 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/lynx\/\"><span>Lynx<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-bobcat menu-item-2592 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/bobcat\/\"><span>Bobcat<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-pine-marten menu-item-2591 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/pine-marten\/\"><span>Pine Marten<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-fisher menu-item-2590 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/fisher\/\"><span>Fisher<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-wolverine menu-item-2589 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/wolverine\/\"><span>Wolverine<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-hoary-marmot menu-item-2588 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/hoary-marmot\/\"><span>Hoary Marmot<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-north-american-beaver menu-item-2587 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/north-american-beaver\/\"><span>North American Beaver<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-american-red-squirrel menu-item-2754 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/american-red-squirrel\/\"><span>American Red Squirrel<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-north-american-badger menu-item-2993 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/north-american-badger\/\"><span>North American Badger<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-beaver menu-item-2996 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/fur-bearers\/beaver\/\"><span>Beaver<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-predators sf-dropdown menu-item-2523 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/predators\/\"><span>PREDATORS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-wolf menu-item-2586 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/predators\/wolf\/\"><span>Wolf<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-cougar menu-item-2585 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/predators\/cougar\/\"><span>Cougar<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-black-bear menu-item-2584 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/predators\/black-bear\/\"><span>Black Bear<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-coyote menu-item-2833 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/predators\/coyote\/\"><span>Coyote<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-upland-birds sf-dropdown menu-item-2519 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/\"><span>UPLAND BIRDS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-dusky-grouse menu-item-2757 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/dusky-grouse\/\"><span>Dusky Grouse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-sooty-grouse menu-item-2760 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/sooty-grouse\/\"><span>Sooty Grouse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-spruce-grouse menu-item-2763 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/spruce-grouse\/\"><span>Spruce Grouse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-sharp-tailed-grouse menu-item-2766 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/sharp-tailed-grouse\/\"><span>Sharp-tailed Grouse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-willow-ptarmigan menu-item-2769 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/willow-ptarmigan\/\"><span>Willow Ptarmigan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-rock-ptarmigan menu-item-2772 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/rock-ptarmigan\/\"><span>Rock Ptarmigan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-california-quail menu-item-2775 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/california-quail\/\"><span>California Quail<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-chukar-partridge menu-item-2778 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/chukar-partridge\/\"><span>Chukar Partridge<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-clarks-nutcracker menu-item-2782 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/upland-birds\/clarks-nutcracker\/\"><span>Clark\u2019s Nutcracker<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-birds-of-prey sf-dropdown menu-item-2521 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/birds-of-prey\/\"><span>BIRDS OF PREY<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-golden-eagle menu-item-2786 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/birds-of-prey\/golden-eagle\/\"><span>Golden Eagle<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-bald-eagle menu-item-2790 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/birds-of-prey\/bald-eagle\/\"><span>Bald Eagle<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-osprey menu-item-2793 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/birds-of-prey\/osprey\/\"><span>Osprey<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-turkey-vulture menu-item-2830 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/birds-of-prey\/turkey-vulture\/\"><span>Turkey Vulture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-peregrine-falcon menu-item-2926 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/birds-of-prey\/peregrine-falcon\/\"><span>Peregrine Falcon<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-waterfowl sf-dropdown menu-item-2520 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/waterfowl\/\"><span>WATERFOWL<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-trumpeter-swan menu-item-2796 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/waterfowl\/trumpeter-swan\/\"><span>Trumpeter Swan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-common-loon menu-item-2803 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/waterfowl\/common-loon\/\"><span>Common Loon<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-mallard-duck menu-item-2804 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/waterfowl\/mallard-duck\/\"><span>Mallard Duck<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-canada-goose menu-item-2805 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/waterfowl\/canada-goose\/\"><span>Canada Goose<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-amphibians menu-item-2929 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/amphibians\/\"><span>AMPHIBIANS<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-bats menu-item-3014 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/bats\/\"><span>BATS<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-1926-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-1926-1\" ><div id=\"pgc-1926-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1926-1-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"5\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1926-1-0-0\" ><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<table style=\"width:100%\">\n<p>\t<!-- TITLE BAR --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<th>Objectives<\/th>\n<th>Management Direction\/Strategies<\/th>\n<th>Measures of Success\/Targets<\/th>\n<th>Intent<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">1. Maintain mule deer winter range areas shown on the Mule Deer map<\/td>\n<td>1.1 Designate the mule deer winter range capability areas shown on Mule Deer as \u201cungulate winter range\u201d under the Forest and Range Practices Act<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Mule deer winter range management achieved using the timber harvesting land base planning allowance of 6,000 hectares<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.2 Consider available First Nations\u2019 knowledge of mule deer winter range in the designation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">2. Ensure snow interception, thermal and security covers are well distributed over the mule deer winter capability range (see Mule Deer map)<\/td>\n<td>2.1 WLAP through consultation with appropriate ministries will develop winter range planning cells of approximately 200 \u2013 600 ha<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Planning cells of approximately 200 to 600 hectares in size are established within winter range<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Snow interception, thermal and security covers are important so that deer are able to avoid deep snowpacks, find food not yet buried in snow, moderate temperature and hide from predators.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2.2 Crown closure less than class 5 (46%) and age class less than 8 are not considered suitable for snow interception Where practicable, utilize old stands with the highest crown closures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"11\">3. Manage resource development and use activities by providing well distributed and accessible snow interception and security cover within winter range planning cells, particularly in areas with deeper snowpacks<\/td>\n<td>3.1 Priority should be given to areas identified as higher value shelter (see Mule Deer map)<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"11\">Adequate snow interception and security cover within winter range<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"11\">Adequate snow interception cover is typically comprised of Douglas fir stands with a minimum age class 8 (140 years) with 46% or greater canopy closure Sample calculation: (33% +15%) \u00f7 (moderate snowpack ha \u00f7 assessment unit). If moderate snowpack is less than 10% of the assessment unit, them the whole unit is managed to the low snowpack strategy percentage. The weighted average percentage in the moderate snowpack zone can never be less than 20% (the only exception being when the moderate is less than 10% of the assessment unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.2 Where biodiversity objectives can be met, wildlife tree patches should give priority to Douglas fir, that are at least 140 years old with 46% or greater canopy closure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.3 Within each cutblock, reserve a minimum of 5% of the basal area of the cutblock in the largest diameters of Douglas fir available, preferably distributed in clumps throughout the block<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.4 In areas of uneven aged forest management, at least 50% of wildlife tree retention requirements must be provided as patches (i.e. groupings\/clusters) of trees, as opposed to retention of single wildlife trees<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.5 Where possible maintain snow interception cover that is linked together, both within planning cells and between planning cells, to provide opportunities for movement throughout the winter range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.6 In the moderate snowpack zone (IDFdk1, IDFdk2, IDFdk3, IDFunk, MS), maintain 33% of the forested area within the planning cell in stands that are suitable snow interception cover. This cover requirement should be emphasized in higher value shelter areas (see Mule Deer map)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.7 In the shallow snowpack zone (PP, and IDFxh2), manage 15% of the forested area within the planning cell in stands that are suitable for snow interception cover. This cover requirement should be emphasized in higher value shelter areas (see Mule Deer map)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.8 Where the moderate snowpack is linked directly to the low snowpack, modify the percent target for snow interception cover for the moderate to be the weighted average (by area) of the two<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.9 Block width will not be restricted, providing there is a good distribution of forage and cover in the winter range planning cell, i.e. well distributed, numerous patches of cover over the planning cell, as opposed to one or few, cover patches<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.10 Where there is not a good distribution of forage and cover within a planning cell and where practicable, at least one dimension within a cutblock must be 200 metres or less<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.11 Reforestation should emulate harvested stands in species and distribution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">4. Manage resource development and use activities by limiting impacts from road access and road densities within winter range<\/td>\n<td>4.1 Use the seasonal access maps to identify any access management direction for public and industrial use<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Disturbance within winter range is minimized Open roads, and highway road kills, within winter range are minimized<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4.2 On existing roads, minimize where practical, the amount of open road (i.e., two or four wheel drive passenger vehicle accessible) in mule deer winter range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4.3 Do not promote disruptive recreational activities on deer winter ranges (e.g., non-organized snowmobiling, extensive crosscountry ski trails)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4.4 Educate public recreation groups about the effects of disturbance to over-wintering deer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4.5 Where possible, avoid maintaining open ploughed forestry roads through winter range from November to March<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">5. Manage resource development and use activities by limiting the impacts of livestock grazing and overstory conifer competition on mule deer forage species<\/td>\n<td>5.1 Through range use plans, restrict grazing by domestic livestock to less than 20% removal of leaves and 10% removal of current year\u2019s growth of shoots and twigs on shrubs<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Within winter range, range use plans identify and manage desired plant communities to favour mule deer winter browse species<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Provide for a shrub component of forage within mule deer winter range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5.2 Range use plans in mule deer winter range areas will identify and manage for desired plant community that favour mule deer winter browse species<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5.3 Re-vegetation of grasslands in permanent range within mule deer winter range will, wherever practicable, be done using available native species mixes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5.4 Where practical, utilize prescribed burns to reduce conifer density and enhance understory development within the drier ecosystems of the mule deer winter range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5.5 Where practical, utilize silvicultural treatments (e.g. juvenile spacing) that reduce conifer density and enhance understory development within the drier ecosystems of the mule deer winter range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">6.0 Allow unimpeded movement of mule deer within winter range area (see Mule Deer map)<\/td>\n<td>6.1 Existing or new livestock fencing should not exceed 42 inches (1.07m) in height and should be a minimum of 18 inches above ground to allow young mule deer to pass over or under fences<\/td>\n<td>Movement between winter and summer ranges is not impeded by fences<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6.2 Avoid the alienation of Crown land that may disrupt deer movement within mapped movement corridors or that may reduce critical winter range<\/td>\n<td>Minimized impacts from Crown land alienation in mule deer winter range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6.3 Educate private landowners to consider the need for deer movement within their land developments<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">7. Minimize highway road kills of mule deer throughout the plan area<\/td>\n<td>7.1 Identify site-specific areas where mule deer road kill is a significant issue (e.g., Laluwissen on Highway 12)<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Open roads, and highway road kills, within winter range are minimized<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7.2 Implement a system to track incidence of mule deer road kill to verify the significance of this issue within the plan area<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7.3 Encourage the use of appropriate technology to reduce the incidence of road kill: including signs, animal whistles, roadside reflectors, and wildlife fencing where necessary to protect the animals and the driving public<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\t<!-- ROW --><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">8. Continue to gather knowledge and information of 8.1 Continue inventory work to mule deer habitat, health and populations<\/td>\n<td>8.1 Continue inventory work to determine population numbers, movement corridors and habitat areas, as well as the key limiting factors on mule deer populations (e.g., habitat, poaching, predation, etc.)<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Improved information about mule deer habitat and populations<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8.2 Explore opportunities to involve First Nations in wildlife studies and assessments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Main Sections The current population is estimated at 8,000. Snow depth can limit mule deer movement, making winter range areas with low snow levels and adequate forage important for mule deer survival. Winter range (see map) is considered a limiting &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/ungulates\/mule-deer\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":2482,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1926"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1926"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2968,"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1926\/revisions\/2968"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2482"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lillooet.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}